Universally meager sets

We study category counterparts of the notion of a universal measure zero set of reals.

We say that a set is universally meager if every Borel isomorphic image of is meager in . We give various equivalent definitions emphasizing analogies with the universally null sets of reals.

In particular, two problems emerging from an earlier work of Grzegorek are solved.

     

-actions whose fixed data has a section

Given a collection of real vector bundles over a closed manifold , suppose that, for some is of the form , where is the trivial one-dimensional bundle. In this paper we prove that if is the fixed data of a -action, then the same is true for the Whitney sum obtained from by replacing by . This stability property is well-known for involutions. Together with techniques previously developed, this result is used to describe, up to bordism, all possible -actions fixing the disjoint union of an even projective space and a point.     

On Finite Groups and the Small Square Property

Let G be a finite group written multiplicatively and k a positive integer. If X is a non-empty subset of G, write X ² = |xy | x, y X . We say that G has the small square property on k-sets if |X ²| < k ² for any k-element subset X of G. For each group G, there is a unique m = m _G such that G has the small square property on (m + 1)-sets but not on m-sets. In this paper we show that given any positive integer d, there is a finite group G with m _G = d.     

Numerical analysis of a quadratic matrix equation

The quadratic matrix equation AX²+ BX + C = 0in n x nmatricesarises in applications and is of intrinsic interest as oneof the simplest nonlinear matrix equations. We give a completecharacterization of solutions in terms of the generalized Schurdecomposition and describe and compare various numerical solutiontechniques. In particular, we give a thorough treatment offunctional iteration methods based on Bernoulli’s method.Other methods considered include Newton’s method with exact line searches, symbolic solution and continued fractions.We show that functional iteration applied to the quadraticmatrix equation can provide an efficient way to solve the associated quadratic eigenvalue problem (²A + B + C)x = 0.     

Linear algebraic groups and countable Borel equivalence relations

If is an equivalence relation on a standard Borel space , then we say that is Borel reducible to if there is a Borel function such that . An equivalence relation on a standard Borel space is Borel if its graph is a Borel subset of . It is countable if each of its equivalence classes is countable. We investigate the complexity of Borel reducibility of countable Borel equivalence relations on standard Borel spaces. We show that it is at least as complex as the relation of inclusion on the collection of Borel subsets of the real line. We also show that Borel reducibility is -complete. The proofs make use of the ergodic theory of linear algebraic groups, and more particularly the superrigidity theory of R. Zimmer.

     

Borel Subalgebras Redux with Examples from Algebraic and Quantum Groups

Both building upon and revising previous literature, this paper formulates the general notion of a Borel subalgebra B of a quasi-hereditary algebra A. We present various general constructions of Borel subalgebras, establish a triangular factorization of A, and relate the concept to graded Kazhdan–Lusztig theories in the sense of Cline et al. (Tôhoku Math. J. 45 (1993), 511–534). Various interesting types of Borel subalgebras arise naturally in different contexts. For example, `excellent" Borel subalgebras come about by abstracting the theory of Schubert varieties. Numerous examples from algebraic groups, q-Schur algebras, and quantum groups are considered in detail.     

The Gravitational Field of a Radiating and Contracting Spherically-Symmetric Body with Heat Flow

A model of a highly idealized spherically symmetric object radiating away its mass with constant luminosity is presented. The body starts at t = – with both infinite mass and radius and contracts to a point at t = 0 without forming an event horizon. Its material particles are moving non-geodesically and shearfree while transporting heat to the surface. Unlike in some radiating star models of a similar type, all physically required conditions are satisfied in this model.     

变系数广义KdV方程新的类孤波解和精确解

用普通KdV方程作变换，构造变系数广义KdV方程的解，获得了变系数广义KdV方程新的Jacobi椭圆函数精确解、类孤波解、三角函数解和Weierstrass椭圆函数解. 关键词： KdV方程 变系数广义KdV方程 类孤波解 精确解     

扩展的Jacobi椭圆函数展开法和Zakharov方程组的新的精确周期解

对Jacobi椭圆函数展开法进行了扩展，且利用这一方法求出了Zakharov方程组的一系列新的精确周期解，在极限情况下可得到相应的孤波解，补充了前面研究的结果. 关键词： Jacobi椭圆函数展开法 非线性发展方程 精确解 周期解     

Bound-State Solutions of the Klein-Gordon Equation for the Generalized <Emphasis Type="Italic">PT</Emphasis>-Symmetric Hulthén Potential

The one-dimensional Klein-Gordon equation is solved for the PT-symmetric generalized Hulthén potential in the scalar coupling scheme. The relativistic bound-state energy spectrum and the corresponding wave functions are obtained by using the Nikiforov-Uvarov method which is based on solving the second-order linear differential equations by reduction to a generalized equation of hypergeometric type. PACS numbers: 03.65.Fd, 03.65.Ge